Achitecture and Design

Researching the history of the use of thatched roofing is quite challenging. As it is a natural and biodegradable material, there are very few traces of its use in old constructions, unlike stone structures or even rudimentary cement, for example. However, researchers point out that the thatched structures date when people ceased being nomadic and focused on agriculture. In addition, there are traces of their usage in the Aztec empires and the early structures of what we now call Europe and studies on their use in Europe, the United Kingdom, and Mexico, among many other places. Thatched roofing is a traditional way of creating a roof covering out of dried fibers such as straw, reeds, palm trees, and other natural fibers. These are collected and intertwined with a particular tension to generate a surface that becomes impermeable and nearly impregnable to rats and vermin via consecutive overlaps. The roof is installed from the bottom up, and the top is where greater attention and maintenance is required, as it is a vulnerable place for water penetration. Roofs with a higher slope will allow water to flow faster, reducing the possibility of infiltration. However, this does not mean that the material limits the designers' innovation. Because it is flexible, organic shapes may be easily produced. Due to many voids and surface flaws, the material composition provides good insulation when dry and packed. Straw, when properly applied, is also incredibly wind resistant. However, the roof support structure might be less sturdy because thatch is relatively light. One As it is a low-cost and relatively simple structure, its use is mostly concentrated in rural regions. In other words, we won't see thatched roofs in Manhattan or downtown So Paulo because incorporating this construction approach is especially appealing where the necessary materials and labor are accessible. This is the case of Studio Anna Heringer's project for a kindergarten in Zimbabwe, which is part of a Permaculture Education Center in Zimbabwe and is built in wood, straw, and stone in

Biotechnology and material science advances are creating new material options that have the potential to basically alter the relationship between the built environment and the natural world. Building materials and construction are responsible for 11% of greenhouse gas emissions.

The AEC industry can help reduce climate change in the following years, and one of the most important initiatives is to re-evaluate popular construction materials. Bioengineered materials that grow, generate energy, and self-heal are the next frontier in biology and material science and might pave the way for a new type of building. Although innovation in these sectors is still far from broad commercial application, it can significantly alter the appearance of the built environment.

Living materials for the built environment is a rapidly expanding field of study that can help with a variety of objectives, including lowering carbon footprints, optimizing resource use, developing innovative properties, and improving carbon sequestration.

Ancient Greek architects aimed for the accuracy and craftsmanship of Greek art in general. They created the formulas as early as the sixth century B.C. have impacted architecture throughout the last two millennia.

Ancient Greek architecture grew into separate orders during its early ascent in the Classical period. Architectural orders are many column styles distinguished by a mix of ornamental motifs on the entablature, base, and column. In the later Roman era, the orders were given names. The first three orders were designed by Greek architecture known as Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Each of these orders was distinguished by distinctive elements in its columns, used in formal, public structures like stadiums and theaters.

Doric Order

The Doric order is the first of the three classical architectural orders. It marks a crucial period in Mediterranean architecture when monumental construction transitioned from temporary materials, such as wood, to permanent ones, mainly stone.
Doric-style columns were generally set close together, without bases, and concave curves molded into the shafts. The caps of Doric columns were simple, having a rounded part at the bottom (the echinus) and a square at the top (abacus). In early forms, the echinus is flat and spread, rising from the top of the column-like a circular cushion to the abacus, which supports the lintels.

The Temple of Hephaestus is the most complete example of Doric columns, built almost completely of marble between 449 and 415 BCE.
Ionic order The Ionic Order was founded in Ionia, a coastal area of what is now called Turkey, and got its name from there. It is distinguished primarily by the scroll-like ornaments called volutes on Ionic column capitals, and the column base supports are not present on Doric columns. Ionic columns, developed in the same era as the Doric Order in the mid-sixth century BCE, found their way to mainland Greece the next century, with many of the country's landmarks erected in the Ionic style. The bright example of Ionic architecture is the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus which was once considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The temple was built by Croesus, King of Lydia, in 550 BCE. The temple, also known as Artemisium, was remarkable for its vastness, which stretched over 350 feet by 180 feet, and the beautiful works of art that graced it. Invading Goths eventually destroyed the temple in 262 CE. Corinthian order The Corinthian order is the most recent and ornate of the Classical architectural orders. In contrast to the Doric and Ionic orders, the Corinthian order arose straight from the Ionic order in the mid-5th century BCE. The Corinthian order, named after the city of Corinth, is differentiated from the Ionic order by its more elaborate capitals carved with stylized acanthus leaves. The frieze of the Corinthian entablature was typically ornamented with continuous sculptural reliefs,

The importance of using advanced technologies, such as virtual reality, in the architectural scene is becoming increasingly necessary. No matter how beautiful a rendered image is, it can never sufficiently express the scale and mood of a project as a whole, reinforcing the need to embrace the usage of these technologies at a professional practice level.

Architects who choose not to include virtual reality technology in their design process are significantly disadvantaged. The issue is no longer one of accessibility, as VR is now a viable option for architects of all backgrounds.

Head-mounted displays (HMDs) have the possibility to transform how architects and designers conceive and express their ideas long before things are even created. Clients may easily be transported into three-dimensional representations of the working design to further immerse themselves, virtually similar to the sensations elicited while engaging in a virtually created world in video games. Virtual worlds aim to temporarily transport consumers to another reality, a well-constructed environment capable of transmitting subtle things such as emotions, feelings, and sensations; thus, if clients can experience the influx of those emotions before physically standing in the building, it opens up opportunities for changes to be made before committing to a build. The immersive environment in nature gives a considerably more precise portrayal of size, depth, and spatial awareness that is unrivaled in contrast to standard ways of rendering, scale models, or animations. When you, as a designer, have the means to provide the client with the immersive experience and sense of really living the place, your ability to convey design purpose becomes immediately evident and much clearer. The advantage of using virtual reality is that it can be utilized early in the conceptual stages to investigate further the interactions between different locations, light, structure, and materiality. In comparison with simply looking at a scale model or visual image, the usage of an immersive representation provides for higher quick knowledge and comprehension of key design features. Those who are not associated with the profession of a designer or architect may be unable to understand spatial

Timber buildings have received much attention in recent years. As a sustainable and renewable material that absorbs a large amount of carbon throughout its development, advances in this material have enabled taller structures. However, when we talk about wood, we are talking about a vast range of species, each with its own set of strengths, nuances, potentials, limits, and recommended uses. While there are tough and heavy woods with qualities equal to concrete, softwoods are also appropriate for different purposes. Anyway, as wood is a natural substance, it is porous and adjusts to the temperature and humidity conditions of the area in which it is inserted, absorbing everything that enters, including oils, filth, and chemicals. Without a suitable finish, wood can dry up, crack, lose its natural tone and deteriorate. Although we are all aware that maintenance is crucial for the effective functioning of all types of buildings, it is essential for wood. A proper finish keeps the wood from decaying quickly, extending its usable life and retaining its inherent qualities. The availability and terminology for each type of finish may differ by country. We've prepared a list of today's most popular finishes, along with their primary attributes and uses. Varnishes The term varnish is often used in a wide variety of

ICON Construction Technology and Lake Flato Architecture have built a 3D-printed modern ranch-style home in Austin to be showcased during the SXSW festival. House Zero was designed by ICON, the first firm in the US to sell ready-to-own 3D houses. ICON collaborated with San Antonio and Austin-based architecture group Lake Flato. The house was built utilizing ICON's Vulcan building method and is located in a single-family residential neighborhood in East Austin, Texas. To create the walls of the 2,000-square-foot (186-square-meter) home, the method employs 3D printing, a technology that mechanically dispenses layers of material based on a computer program. It took 10 days to produce the 3D-printed wall aspects. "House Zero is ground zero for the emergence of entirely new design languages and architectural vernaculars that will use robotic construction to deliver the things we need most from our housing: comfort, beauty, dignity, sustainability, attainability, and hope," said Jason Reinforced by steel, the walls are printed with a proprietary material ICON calls Lavacrete – an airtight cement-like substance while also providing increased insulation. According to ICON, the home was created with biophilic design concepts in mind, with the smooth curves of the 3D-printed support walls creating "naturalistic circulation patterns throughout the home." In addition to being able to build houses faster, the technology may allow for the construction of residences like these at a

As the floor is one of the largest coverage areas in an environment, its preference is guided by various criteria connected to aesthetic and visual identity concerns and technical resistance and maintenance difficulties. Multiple floors are commonly used for sections with different usage, and this transition is typically not indicated by walls or doors. Following that, we will bring you tips on making this transition as smooth as possible when there is no physical boundary between the floors.

We're used to utilizing various floors to separate sections with distinct functions: kitchen and dining room, living room and balcony, or even living room and hallway, for example. This separation is often followed by walls and doors that mark the boundary of each activity and floor. Therefore, the proper treatment is provided individually to the type of floor placed in each setting.
With the popularity of open plans and interconnected spaces in contemporary design, it is becoming more usual to sectorize areas and manage flows based on smoother transitions such as furniture, tiny gaps, decreased ceilings, or even shifting floors. This change can be a simple change of material and paging, but it can also be the insertion of a decorative element, called "carpet," in a portion of the floor. You should consider blending various materials, textures, and forms for both cases. The most prevalent is to highlight the transition between wet and dry areas, like in kitchens and dining rooms. In this section, we frequently find the mix of a warm floor, which may be wood, vinyl, or laminate, and a cold floor, which can be porcelain, ceramic, or even hydraulic tile or granite, in the kitchen. This transition between floors can also be used to highlight other spaces that are crucial to the project, such as the entry hall or circulation areas. Another option is to use the hard The combination of floors is not restricted indoors; it is also feasible in outdoor spaces, particularly on terraces and covered areas entirely open to the outside. However, to minimize internal flooding in these situations, the best solution is to estimate the water flow and leave a sufficient spacing for the rain flow.

Ecodesign is becoming more and more popular, as the basis is high-quality and safe for human health materials. When organizing a space, it is essential to consider the environmental impact of all its components and apply various methods to reduce waste save energy and natural resources. Characteristics of eco-friendly design 1. Natural and safe for human health materials with a minimum of toxic substances released to the atmosphere. For example wood, wallpaper, natural stone, glass, cotton, linen. Using wicker furniture, bamboo stems, cork makes the design stylish. 2. The color scheme consists of natural tones: beige, brown, sand, sea, green. These shades convey the spirit of earth, ocean and forest. As the eco-style expresses calm and balance in the interior, you should not use bright colors in your design. 3. No single eco-style house is complete without greenery. A panel of living plants or individual representatives of the flora in large vases will look great. 4. Good Advantages of eco-design 1. Natural materials and no toxic substances in the space. 2. Abundance of free space. 3. Natural tones positively affect a person, giving a sense of calm. 4. The ability to add exclusive decorative elements to the interior. Disadvantages of eco-design 1. Natural materials, unlike artificial ones, cost higher. 2. Cleaning takes a long time. Natural materials need proper care, they are not suitable for cleaning products containing chemicals. 3. For eco-style design, you

Using 3D printers, automated systems, and cutting-edge building technology, several architects have begun to investigate the many techniques that may make human colonization beyond the planet Earth easier.

Humans have been exploring Mars for a long time. The explorations have grown to a mission with multiple aims, from the first landing on Mars in 1971 to the deployment of the first-ever successful rover in 1997.

In 2021, the US, China, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) sent three probes to the same location at the same time to collect samples and other study materials in order to broaden the studies.

Today, these missions have been upgraded even further in order to pave the way for a manned spaceship to land on Mars by 2022, according to Elon Musk.

Some architects have been studying the many approaches that may permit human colonization beyond the planet Earth using 3D printers, automated systems, and cutting-edge building technologies.

Even NASA has organized competitions like the "3D Printed Habitat Challenge," which have aided in the investigation of new technologies and ways in space exploration.

In this article, we've gathered works of some studios to show the ever-increasing possibilities of human existence on Mars.

Mars Colonization by ZA Architects

In 2013, as part of the Mars Colonization Project, German architecture company ZA Architects built an underground network of caverns for human inhabitation on the planet. The company proposes creating enormous caverns in the planet's basaltic rock surface to house a basalt processing facility as well as an artificial subterranean glacier to provide oxygen and water to the residents utilizing robotic technology. Mars Habitat by Foster & Partners Foster & Partners followed up their idea for living on the Moon with a design for a modular home constructed for life on Mars, which they displayed during a NASA competition. The Mars Habitat plan consists of a settlement constructed by pre-programmed and semi-autonomous robots. 3D printing would be used to create sturdy living quarters out of natural Martian rocks, which might accommodate up to four people. The proposal was one of the competition's 30 finalists. 3D Printed Habitat by Hassell Studio Hassell Studio and Eckersley O'Callaghan collaborated on this project in 2018, and it was pre-selected as one of the top ten concepts in NASA's Centennial Challenge. The design is focused on the human element of space design, which is often more concerned with optimum efficiency and output than with comfort. Its outside is made up of an autonomous robot-built Regolith structure, while the interior is made up of inflatable "pods" that hold all of the needs

Arne Emil Jacobsen was a Danish designer and architect, an icon of the 'Danish Modern' style. Aside from his architectural work, he created many unique chairs and other furniture. He was born and raised in Copenhagen in an upper-middle-class Jewish family. Young Arne was hoping to become a painter, and it was said that he was painting all over the Victorian wallpapers. He didn’t just cover his walls with typical childish drawings. He decided to paint his room entirely white, which was not yet in fashion in the early twentieth century. From the very beginning, Arne Jacobsen was ahead of his time. Arne Jacobsen's ideas molded the landscape of Danish design for more than half of the twentieth century, influencing architects and designers worldwide. Jacobsen's creative technique revolved around his meticulous attention to detail. With meticulously hand-painted watercolors, he brought his thoughts to life for patrons and builders. Jacobsen was able to develop in a single year what others Arne Jacobsen designed the stunning 'Swan™' chair for the lobby and lounge areas of the SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen in 1958. Despite its simplicity and tremendous architectural appeal, the design features no straight lines, appearing organic and gentle. 3D models of both Swan and Egg chairs are presented on Zeel Project. The sleek, contemporary Radisson Blu Royal Hotel in Copenhagen, created by the Danish designer, is a premium destination to stay in, while visiting Denmark's capital city.

No matter how advanced men are, they are inextricably linked to nature.
They find methods to have vegetation about him even in modern, technology-driven structures. Nonetheless, these structures have established a physical barrier between men and the environment, as well as between men and other living things. But they understood the value of having nature around, as well as the repercussions of not having it. With a man-made environment, architecture is a part of nature.

These are 7 methods to blend architecture with nature.

1. Biomimetic Architecture

Biomimetic architecture is mimicking nature's processes, as well as those of plants, animals, and other living forms. Nature finds a way to adapt to changes in the environment, including those caused by climate change. It also includes answers for surviving in the harshest of environments. The mechanism that every plant, animal, and other living form has inside them to adapt to their circumstances has been a major source of inspiration for architects and designers. The use of technology to mimic their mechanisms and use them in the construction of structures is a means to merge architecture and nature in order for the building to adapt to its surroundings. 2. Biomorphic Architecture Biomorphic architecture is the practice of drawing architectural inspiration from natural forms. The shapes are inspired by trees, leaves, animals, birds, and other natural forms, as well as abstract forms. Architecture with nature-inspired shapes brings consumers closer to the natural environment. Many architects nowadays employ the notion of biomorphism in their work. 3. Open Spaces And Landscape Design Users may live in continual contact with nature by combining open spaces and landscape regions with built spaces. People are more positive and in a better mood when architecture and nature coexist, and environmental harm is reduced on a bigger scale.

The Japanese are noted for their attention to detail and how they appreciate what they have or accomplish. And from here comes the notion of Wabi-Sabi, which became a huge part of Japanese culture. Wabi-Sabi is a Japanese idea that defies many traditional decorating standards. The concept ignores exact symmetry and the necessity for perfection in all aspects of life. Wabi-Sabi is more than a decorating style; it's a way of life, a way of living and viewing the world with the goal of quietly embracing life's natural cycle of development and decay. "Wabi" comes from the root "wa," which means ‘balance, harmony and peace. It clearly connotes flaws and simplicity. According to the zen spirit, a Wabi person is someone who can find joy in the little things, is free of wrath and greed, and understands nature's wisdom. On the other hand, "Sabi" signifies the natural passage of time, decay, and degeneration. The influence of time on an object is how it is conveyed. Tadao Ando, a Japanese Designers always link Wabi-Sabi with modern minimalism in design and architecture. But it's more than that. It extends beyond a large, nearly empty space. It just keeps the things that are necessary for a peaceful and joyful attitude. Having only objects that offer nostalgia, beauty, and purpose into a house to keep belongings to a minimum. Wabi-Sabi is also about asymmetry, irregularity, and transience. Because this notion is so closely linked to the earth and its energy, natural materials and

Interior design and psychology are two inseparable spheres. In the last decade, this topic has been receiving more attention. These professionals work hard to guarantee that a space is set up just right so that you can get the most out of it, that it is as efficient as possible, and that it looks great. Colors, light, personalities, space, dimensions, energy, emotions, and other factors all play a huge role in interior design.
When designers start to create the right environment and feel, they consider a number of factors. Because psychology has such an influence on the room's look, feel, and value, it is one of the most significant factors to consider when designers pick furniture and colors for spaces.
Here are a few fascinating facts regarding design psychology that you may not be aware of.

Color psychology

Color has a significant psychological influence on us and our daily lives. When it comes to creating the perfect environment, designers don't just select good-looking and popular hues out of the blue. They let color psychology lead them and work within these guidelines to produce the ideal environment. Huge mirrors for enhancing room size When you build or set a huge mirror against the wall, even the smallest space might appear much larger. The reflection of persons, furniture, and even windows may fool your mind into thinking a place is much larger than it actually is. A lot of natural light It's not simply particular colors that can help you feel better and have more energy. A lot of natural light in space may also boost your mood and help you fight depression. Because your body is naturally designed to work harder during the day when the sun is up than at night when you don't see or feel the sun, natural lighting can boost your productivity. Modern homes are built with substantially larger windows and pivot doors because of this psychological influence.

Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect, artist and designer, recognized as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. She was well-known for her radical deconstructivist works. She was the first woman to win the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004. In 2010 and 2011, she was awarded the Stirling Prize, the UK's most prestigious architectural prize. She was named Dame by Elizabeth II in 2012 for contributions to architecture and was the first woman to receive the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects in February 2016, the month before she died. The Guangzhou Opera House and the MAXXI museum of modern art and architecture in Rome are among her works. Many know Zaha Hadid primarily as a revolutionary architect, but very few recognize her breathtaking works as a product designer. Today let’s explore some of those works: AG Eberhardstr (WMF) This one-of-a-kind set of cutlery has a dynamic sensation of motion because Chevron (Olivari) This door handle was created in 2015 and was inspired by her own residential project in NYC. This elegant door handle takes its shape from the condominium’s façade and window patterns. Chevron comes in chrome, satin chrome and super anthracite satin finishes.

Today we want to talk about high-tech style and discover some creative ways to use it in interiors. Let’s take a closer look. History of high-tech style The high-tech style (English hi-tech - high technologies) is the newest of all styles. It is a style that emphasizes the structure of a building. This unique style in design and architecture came into being in the 1970s in the depths of postmodernism and gained widespread application in the 1980s. It took its origin from the design of industrial premises. In the sphere of interior design, this style came from architecture, where it was born in the times of late modernism, mixing pragmatism, pop art, and 1960s science fiction themes. The popularity of science fiction cinema and literature and the introduction of ultra-modern materials are the bases of the high-tech style. High-tech is often regarded as the conclusion of age - a moment of transition, modernism, and the peak of "modernity" in architecture and design. Main features of Hi-tech is associated with ultra-modern aesthetics, and it employs structures typical of industrial buildings. In architecture, for instance, the basic premise has become the dwelling's social orientation, its practical compliance with the required demands of the occupants. The basic concept of high-tech is that everything should be practical. For example, "self-adjusting" vise clamps activate when a large glass panel, such as a curtain, stick, or table, is placed beneath them. Likewise, mobile

For all fields, the digitization of manufacturing constituted a revolution. Manufacturers have employed digital methods from the initial design stage to the final dispatch of things. Each strategy has been developed and modified to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and stay current with market developments. For the client, more efficiency means simpler access and lower prices. We can understand and celebrate the value of professional building and design abilities, even though we frequently forego true craftsmanship in favor of ease and cost.
Nonetheless, we look to be nearing the end of a time of exceptional craftsmanship. From furniture design to the fashion industry to the food and drink we eat, products honor their handcrafted, artisan beginnings. Handcraft has had a slow but steady revival as a result of a rejection of mass manufacture and infirmity. Traditional craftsmanship has recently received a lot of attention, but its influence on design has always been present, although in the background. In the design field, Eames, Ercol, Hansen, and Knoll are all well-known names. Many of their pieces are considered to be one-of-a-kind in terms of design and utility. While digital methods help them generate many of the things they do now, they are all companies associated with excellent craftsmanship, with traditional craftsmen's talents often playing a part. It takes a lot of effort to become a competent artisan. It takes a lot of time, patience, and effort to do it right. To become a true artisan, you must be committed to continuing to improve your trade. Apprenticeships with masters of the profession who came before them have traditionally been how craftspeople acquired their trade. The reduction in demand for individualized, handcrafted items that preceded it, on the other hand, resulted in a considerable loss of peer-to-peer From Scotland to Papua New Guinea, each continent, nation, city, town, and hamlet has its own distinct legacy that has been passed down via stories and abilities. This is how cultures and their history are kept and understood. When a skill, such as a language, is lost, so is its history. People are no longer perplexed as to why we make carpets the way we do. What is the significance of the form of our teapots? Why are our dwellings' roofs so steeply pitched? With time, the rationale, as well as

It's impossible to imagine a space without lighting. It is a crucial feature that gives life to your projects. Rooms must be well lighted, whether naturally or artificially, so that people may safely occupy them and carry out their everyday activities. When the right lighting system is chosen, it can help with energy efficiency and sustainability throughout the structure. Apart from its obvious functional and environmental significance, lighting design may greatly influence interiors' visual comfort and aesthetic tone by highlighting textures, intensifying colors, and defining volumes. As a result, among the numerous elements involved in interior design, lighting is undoubtedly the one that can improve or destroy a place and even impact people's well-being. This is why it should be regarded as an essential design element in and of itself. Although natural lighting is considered the most comfortable for people as a source of illumination to which our eyes adapt, many projects need artificial lighting to be used in dark spaces where natural light does not reach, increasing the functional and aesthetic qualities of areas. There are numerous design options to select from with so many systems available and their development with new design trends and technology. With this in mind, choosing the best approach to brighten a modern space

Foster + Partners, whose museum for Roman antiquities opened in southern France, has built a new art museum in Datong, northeastern China. The Datong Art Museum joins neighboring new facilities in a culture-focused neighborhood in a booming portion of the city. The Foster + Partners structure is intended to be a landmark, with a dramatic set of staggered pyramidal shapes reminiscent of Jorn Utzon's renowned Sydney Opera House. Being sunk into the ground, the building is encircled by landscaped plazas. Inside the museum, visitors are guided by diagonal corridors, meandering ramps, and a sunken plaza. The Grand Gallery, the building's focal point, has opened with a unique display of oil paintings by local artists. This enormous, column-free space, made possible by the complex's unusual roof structure above, is envisioned as the complex's principal social center. A children's gallery, teaching center, media library, and archive are located around the periphery of the museum, as are other exhibition spaces and instructional facilities. The underground plaza also serves as an amphitheater for outdoor concerts and events. Natural light penetrates the interior via clerestory roof lights at each pyramid's peak, allowing internal illumination to beam out at night. The direction of these openings also helps in minimizing solar gain, while the building's

We all make mistakes, it is an inevitable part of being a human being, and architects are no exception. Even a tiny little error concerning the construction project can lead to a considerable loss. Today, let's get back in time and remember some costly errors in the architectural sphere.

The Dancing Bridge

To some extent, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington is the most typical failure in bridge engineering history. It was the world's third-longest suspension bridge when it opened on July 1, 1940, at a cost of $8 million, after the George Washington Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge.
When it was windy, the 200-meter-long bridge oscillated and twisted violently. Unsurprisingly, just four months after it was placed into operation, it collapsed in the center of the bridge. It had occurred during construction, causing employees to become dizzy. One of the causes is that the bridge deck's width was lowered from 7.6 meters to 2.4 meters. Another reason is the low-cost girder that was used. The world's third-largest suspension bridge was a tangled tangle of steel and fractured concrete, the latest and most modern in its streamlined design. A Skyscraper with Deadly Ray Located at 20 Fenchurch Street, London, the skyscraper with 37 floors is one of the three major landmarks in Square Mile. It costs £200 million and covers an area of over 100 thousand m². Most importantly, its shape is similar to a walkie-talkie and hence gets this name. Such a well-designed shape made it stand out amid the concrete jungle and even earned the mayor’s favor at that time. However, despite enormous achievements in architectural modeling, there remains a critical challenge that must be overlooked. The skyscraper's radian and glass façade are the two factors that cause the entire structure to become a big concave mirror that concentrates and reflects sunlight. Due to the fluctuating position of the sun, the plaza in front of the building was subjected to a lethal beam that lasted for about 2 hours every day. When it was sunny, the highest temperature reached 70°C. Worse, in numerous establishments, the reflected sunshine resulted in melted The High-Rise Building without Elevators In Spain, a bizarre tale occurred in a high-rise apartment complex called Intempo, which is part of a twin tower. The skyscraper claimed to be Europe's largest apartment building, with a height of 200 meters and 47 floors, however, there was no available elevator for inhabitants above the 27th level, therefore occupants had no choice but to walk upwards. The Bank of Galicia first sponsored the structure in order to demonstrate that they had effectively